Nezikin

 ( Jewish Courts And Civil Law ) 

Nezikin ( Neziqin, "Damages") or Seder Nezikin (, "The Order of Damages") is the fourth Mishnah of the Mishna (also the Tosefta and Talmud). It deals largely with Jewish criminal and civil law and the Beth Din.

Nezikin contains ten volumes (or "tractates"):

1. Bava Kamma (, First Gate) deals with civil matters, largely damages and compensation. 10 chapters. (See also Shomer)
2. Bava Metzia (, Middle Gate) deals with civil matters, largely torts and property law. 10 chapters.
3. Bava Batra (, Last Gate) deals with civil matters, largely land ownership. 10 chapters.
4. Sanhedrin (, The Sanhedrin) deals with the rules of court proceedings in the Sanhedrin, the death penalty, and other criminal matters. 11 chapters.
5. Makkot (, Lashes) deals with colluding witnesses, cities of refuge and the punishment of lashes. 3 chapters.
6. Shevu'ot (, Oaths) deals with the various types of oaths and their consequences. 8 chapters.
7. Eduyot (, Testimonies) presents case studies of legal disputes in Mishnaic times and the miscellaneous testimonies that illustrate various Sages and principles of halakha. 8 chapters.
8. Avodah Zarah (, Foreign worship) deals with the laws of interactions between Jews and Gentiles and/or idolaters (from a Jewish perspective). 5 chapters.
9. Pirkei Avot (, Fathers) is a collection of the Sages' favourite ethical maxims. 6 chapters.
10. Horayot (, Decisions) deals with the communal sin-offering brought for major errors by the Sanhedrin. 3 chapters.

Originally, the first three volumes were counted as one single, very lengthy volume. Since it was the chief repository of "civil" law, it was simply called Massekhet Nezikin ("Tractate Damages").

The traditional reasoning for the order of the volumes of Nezikin is as follows: The Order begins with civil law (the first 3 tractates) because it is considered the cornerstone of righteousness within a Jewish state. Sanhedrin naturally follows, as it deals with criminal law. Next comes Makkot, as it is a continuation of Sanhedrin's subject matter in terms of criminal procedure. Then, Shevuot, which continues the general topic dealt with in Makkot of the false testimony. After outlining the main points of civil and criminal law, Eduyot follows to fit it all into a halakhic framework. After dealing with "damages" within a society, the next stage is Avodah Zarah placed after to highlight what is seen as behavior that inflicts damage on the universe. Avot is probably placed next to counteract the negativity of the laws of Avodah Zarah and to relate maxims of the Sages, an essential aspect of whose teaching was to counteract idolatry. Finally, Horayot brings the discussion from lofty heights to a humble note, highlighting the concept that even the Sages and Beth Din can err.

There is both a Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmud to each of the tractates except for Eduyot and Avot. This is probably because these two tractates aren't concerned with individual laws and therefore don't lend themselves to a Gemara style analysis.